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What are Dating Techniques?

Before the advent of absolute dating methods in the twentieth century, almost every day was on. The main relative dating method is stratigraphy is the study of rock layers and embedded objects in these layers. This method is based on the assumption (which holds almost always true) that the deeper layers of rock were deposited earlier in the history of the Earth, and is therefore more more thin layers. The layers of rock represent successive time intervals. Since some species of animals existed on the Earth at specific times in history, the fossil remains of these animals embedded in these layers of rock also help scientists to determine the age of layers. Similarly, the pollen grains released by the seed-bearing plants became fossilized in rock layers. If certain type of pollen found in an archaeological site, scientists can check at the plant that produces pollen lived to age on the site.

Absolute dating methods are performed in a laboratory. Absolute dates must match the dates of other methods on to be valid. The decline most widely used and accepted form of absolute dating is radioactive dating. Radioactive decay refers process in which a radioactive form of an element is converted into a nonradioactive product at a steady rate. The nucleus of each radioactive element (Such as radium and uranium) decays spontaneously with time, become the nucleus of an atom of another element. In disintegration process, the atom emits radiation. Hence the decay term was invented. Each element decays at its own pace, unaffected by external physical conditions. By measuring the number of atoms of origin and processed an object, scientists determine the age of this object.

The age of the remains of plants, animals, and any other biological material may be determined by measuring the amount of carbon-14 content in this material. Carbon-14, a radioactive form of the element carbon is created in the atmosphere by cosmic rays. When carbon-14 falls to the ground, it is absorbed by plants. These plants are eaten by herbivores, which in turn are eaten by carnivores (even more) animals. Finally, the entire ecosystem of the planet, including humans, is filled with a concentration of carbon-14. Until a body is alive, the supply of carbon-14 is reconstructed. When the body dies, supply stops, and carbon-14 content in the body begins to disintegrate spontaneously into nitrogen-14. The time for half of the carbon-14 to decay (a period called a half-life) is 5730 years. By measuring the amount of carbon-14 remaining, scientists can determine the exact date of death of the body. The range of conventional radiocarbon dating is 30,000 to 40,000 years. With sensitive instruments, this range can be extended to 70,000 years. In addition to the technique of radiocarbon dating, scientists have developed other methods of dating based on the transformation of a element into another. These include the uranium-thorium method, the method of potassium-argon and rubidium-strontium method.

Thermoluminescence dating is very useful for determining the age of pottery. When a piece of pottery is heated in a laboratory at temperatures over 500 ° C (930 ° F), the electrons in quartz and other minerals to emit light clay pottery. The older the Pottery is the best light will be emitted. Using thermoluminescence, potteries as old as 100,000 years can be dated with precision. Known as dendrochronology, dendrochronology is based on the fact that trees produce a cycle of growth each year. Narrow rings grow in cold or dry years, and large rings grow in hot or wet year. The rings form a distinctive pattern, which is the same for all members of a given species and area Geographic. Thus, the growth model of a tree of known age can be used as a standard for determining the age of trees similar. The ages of buildings and archaeological sites can also be determined by examining the growth patterns of trees used for their construction. Dendrochronology has a range of 1 to 10,000 years or more.

About the Author

Dr.Badruddin Khan teaches Chemistry in the University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India.

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